Introduction To Telecommunication

Week 9: Unbounded Media

what is unbounded media ?

• No physical connection is required.

• Space or air is the transmission medium for electromagnetic waves.

• Source and destination can be static or mobile.

• Broad spectrum from low to high bandwidth is available.

• Can be quickly implemented.

   

  Terrestial Microwave

  - require line-of-sight transmission and reception microwave
  - the taller the antennas, the longer the sight distance
  - signals are propagate in one direction in a time - consist of repeater which function to increase the distance
•  

They are two type of antenna
a) Parabolic Dish
- catching a wide range of waves and directing to a focus
  -higher frequencies for higher data rates
  -10-60 GHz

b) Horn
  -looks like a gigantic scoop
  -deflected the waves outward in a series of narrow parallel beams
  -received transmission are collected by the scooped shape


Satellite microwave
The main problem with aero wave communication is the curvature of the earth, mountains & other structure often block the line of side. Due to this reason, many repeats are required for long distance which increases the cost of data transmission between the two points. This problem is recommended by using satellites.

Satellite micro wave transmission is used to transmit signals through out the world. These system use satellites in orbit about 50,000 Km above the earth. Satellite dishes are used to send the signals to the satellite where it is again send back down to the receiver satellite. These transmissions also use directional parabolic antenna’ with in line of side.

In satellite communication micro wave signals at 6 GHz is transmitted from a transmitter on the earth through the satellite position in space. By the time signal reaches the satellites becomes weaker due to 50,000 Km distance. The satellite amplifies week signals and transmits it back to the earth at the frequency less than 6 GHz.


The difference between 3g and 4g

3G is currently the world’s best connection method when it comes to mobile phones, and especially mobile Internet. 3G stands for 3rd generation as it  is just that in terms of the evolutionary path of the mobile phone industry. 4G means 4th generation. This is a set of standard that is being developed as a future successor of 3G in the very near future.

The biggest difference between the two is in the existence of compliant technologies. There are a bunch of technologies that fall under 3G, including WCDMA, EV-DO, and HSPA among others. Although a lot of mobile phone companies are quick to dub their technologies as 4G, such as LTE, WiMax, and UMB, none of these are actually compliant to the specifications set forth by the 4G standard. These technologies are often referred to as Pre-4G or 3.9G.

4G speeds are meant to exceed that of 3G. Current 3G speeds are topped out at 14Mbps downlink and 5.8Mbps uplink. To be able to qualify as a 4G technology, speeds of up to 100Mbps must be reached for a moving user and 1Gbps for a stationary user. So far, these speeds are only reachable with wired LANs.

Another key change in 4G is the abandonment of circuit switching. 3G technologies use a hybrid of circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching is a very old technology that has been used in telephone systems for a very long time. The downside to this technology is that it ties up the resource for as long as the connection is kept up. Packet switching is a technology that is very prevalent in computer networks but has since appeared in mobile phones as well. With packet switching, resources are only used when there is information to be sent across. The efficiency of packet switching allows the mobile phone company to squeeze more conversations into the same bandwidth. 4G technologies would no longer utilize circuit switching even for voice calls and video calls. All information that is passed around would be packet switched to enhance efficiency.

 so we can conclude that -

1. 3G technologies are in widespread use while 4G compliant technologies are still in the horizon

2. 4G speeds are much faster compared to 3G

3. 3G is a mix of circuit and packet switching network while 4G is only a packet switching network

Telekomunikasi Dan Rangkaian

Introduction To Telecommunication

Week 2: Introduction To Telecommunication

 

What is communication

Communication is simply the imparting, conveying or exchange of thoughts, messages, ideas, knowledge or information by sign and sound like speech, signals, writing, or behavior.

 

Diagram 1.1: The communication process

What is telecommunication

Telecommunication refers to communication over long distances, covers all forms of distance and conversion of the original communication, including radio, telegraphy, television, telephony, data communication and computer networking. It also can be define as process of transmitting or receiving information over a distance by any electrical or electromagnetic medium. The information may take the form of voice, video, or data.

Communications Technology Timeline:

 

Hardware

Hardware is the most obvious part of a computer-based information system. Hardware refers to the computers themselves, along with any and all peripherals, including servers, routers, monitors, printers and storage devices. 

Software

Without softwa

the hardware wouldn't be very useful. Software is what tells the hardware how to function. It gathers, organizes and manipulates data and carries out instructions. Everything you do using a computer is done by the software.

Data

Data, or information is the information part of an information system, and whether that is statistical data, sets of instructions, lists of names or even graphics and animations

Procedures

It is commonly said that "procedures are to people what software is to hardware." Procedures are the rules, descriptions and instructions for how things are done. In computer-based information systems, procedures are frequently covered in instruction or user manuals that describe how to use the hardware, software and data.

People

People are the most often overlooked and most important part of a computer-based information system. It is people who design and operate the software, input the data, build the hardware and keep it running.

Communication

The components that allow one computer to communicate with another are hardware and are controlled by software. If communication between people is included in this element, though, it is an important element

re, 

WEEK 1:

what is communication??
The imparting,conveying or exchange of thoughts,messages,idea,knowledge or information by sign and sound like speech,writing or behavior.


how about telecommunication ??
Is refers to the transfer of data(communication)from a transmitter to a receiver across a distance

6 elements in computer&communication technology::
1.people
  ~ the most important element in communication because they built, analyse and develop the system.
2.procedure
  ~ specification of the series of actions, acts or operation which have to be executed in the same manner in order to obtain always the same result in the same circumstances example: emergency procedures.
3.data/information
  ~ information stored on the computer system, used by applications to accomplish tasks.
4.hardware
  ~ units for data:: Bit, Byte, Kilobyte(KB), Megabyte(MB), Gigabyte(GB), Terabyte(TB).
5.software
  ~ refers to parts of the computer that have no materials form: programs, data, protocols and others also called by software.
6.communication
  ~ transmission of data.
  ~ can conversion of data analog-to-digital, and digital-to-analog.

5 categories of ICT equipment/devices::
- input
-output
-process
-storage
-communication